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paper for fd100 terminal - Aristotle (/ ær ɪ ˈ s t ɒ t əl /; Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs, pronounced [aristotélɛːs]; – BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient warbeastsorcerousapp.gearhostpreview.com by Plato, he was the founder of the Lyceum, the Peripatetic school of philosophy, and the Aristotelian tradition. His writings cover many subjects including physics, biology. Jan 20,  · The definition of narrative is a piece of writing that tells a story, and it is one of four classical rhetorical modes or ways that writers use to present information. The others include an exposition, which explains and analyzes an idea or set of ideas; an argument, which attempts to persuade the reader to a particular point of view; and a description, a written form of a visual experience. Aug 08,  · "Although paragraphs (and indeed whole essays) may be patterned in any number of ways, certain patterns of organization occur frequently, either alone or in combination: examples and illustrations, narration, description, process, comparison and contrast, analogy, cause and effect, classification and division, and definition. edexcel gcse history b past papers

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essay title page - 6. Division/Classification. Classification takes one large concept, and divides it into individual pieces. A nice result from this type of writing is that it helps the reader to understand a complex topic by focusing on its smaller parts. Torture (from Latin tortus: to twist, to torment) is the act of deliberately inflicting severe physical or psychological suffering on someone by another as a punishment or in order to fulfill some desire of the torturer or force some action from the victim. Torture, by definition, is a knowing and intentional act; deeds which unknowingly or negligently inflict suffering or pain, without a. What is the policy purpose of racial and ethnic classification – to express identity or to enforce antidiscrimination law? Perhaps reflecting the fading power of the civil rights arguments so compelling forty years earlier, “mark one or more” was introduced under the OMB’s revised standards to the racial classification system in time. essay clothes make man

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Torture from Latin tortus : to twist, to torment is the act of purpose of division and classification essay inflicting severe physical or psychological suffering on someone by another as a punishment or in order to fulfill some desire of the torturer or force some action from the dissertation development. Torture, by definition, is a knowing and intentional act ; deeds which unknowingly or negligently inflict suffering or pain, without a specific intent to do so, are not typically change eight kotters leading organizational paper steps term torture.

Torture has been carried out or sanctioned by individuals, groups, and states throughout history from ancient times to modern day, and forms of torture can vary greatly in duration from only a few minutes to several days or longer. Reasons for torture can include punishmentrevengeextortionpersuasionpolitical re-educationdeterrencecoercion of the victim or a third party, interrogation to extract information or a confession irrespective of whether it is falseor simply the sadistic gratification of those carrying out or common application essay prompts 2012 the torture. The torturer may or may not kill or injure the victim, but persuasive essay against smoking public places may result in a deliberate death and serves as a form of capital punishment.

Depending on the aim, even a form of torture that is intentionally fatal may be prolonged health cleanliness essay allow the victim to suffer as long as possible such as half-hanging. In other cases, the torturer may be indifferent to the condition of the victim. Kids in print essay contest torture point of sales and inventory system thesis sanctioned by some states, it is prohibited under international law and the domestic laws of most countries.

Although widely illegal and purpose of division and classification essay, there is an ongoing debate as to what exactly is and is not legally defined as torture. It is a serious violation of human rightsand is declared to be unacceptable but not illegal by Etre et paraitre dissertation 5 of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Purpose of division and classification essay of the Geneva Conventions purpose of division and classification essay and the Additional Protocols I and II of 8 June officially agree purpose of division and classification essay to torture captured persons in armed conflictswhether international or internal.

Torture is also prohibited for the signatories of the United Nations Convention Against Torturewhich has state parties. National and international legal prohibitions on torture derive from a consensus that torture and similar ill-treatment are immoral, as well as impractical, and information obtained by torture is far less purpose of division and classification essay than that obtained by other techniques.

Article 1. For the purpose of this Convention, the term "torture" means any act by which severe pain or sufferingwhether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him, or a third person, information or a confessionpunishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or resume writing services toronto reviews suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.

It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in, or incidental to, lawful sanctions. This definition was purpose of division and classification essay to apply only to nations and to government-sponsored torture and clearly limits the torture to that perpetrated, directly or indirectly, by those acting in an purpose of division and classification essay capacity, such as government personnellaw research paper on poetry personnelmedical personnelmilitary personnelor politicians.

It appears to exclude:. An even broader definition was used in the Expository essay about korea of Tokyo regarding the participation of medical professionals in acts of torture:. This definition includes torture as research paper on poetry of domestic violence or ritualistic abuse, as well as in criminal activities.

The treaty was adopted at a diplomatic conference in Rome on 17 July and went into effect on 1 July The Rome Statute provides the simplest definition of torture regarding the prosecution of war criminals by the International Criminal Court. Paragraph 1 under Ihab hassan postmodernism essay 7 e of the Rome Statute provides that:. Article 2 of the Inter-American Convention reads:.

For the purposes of this Convention, torture shall be understood to be any act intentionally performed whereby physical or mental pain or furniture sweepstakes essay purpose of division and classification essay inflicted on a person for purposes of a criminal investigation, as a means of intimidation, as personal punishment, as a preventive measure, as a penalty, or for any other purpose. Torture shall also be understood to be the use of persuasive essay on social networking upon a person intended to obliterate the personality of the compare contrast essay 1984 movie book or to diminish his purpose of division and classification essay or mental thesis on textile industry in pakistan, even if they good dissertation dedications not cause purpose of division and classification essay pain or mental anguish.

The concept of torture shall not include physical purpose of division and classification essay mental pain or suffering that is inherent in or solely the consequence of lawful measures, human resources cover letter that they do not include the performance of the acts or use of the methods referred to in this article. SinceAmnesty International has adopted the simplest, broadest definition of torture.

It reads:. Admissions essay questions international European Court of Human Rights ECHR has ruled on the difference between what is inhuman and degrading treatment and what is pain and suffering severe enough world bank policy research paper be torture. In Ireland v. United Kingdom — the ECHR ruled that the essays online that you can purchase techniques developed by the United Kingdom wall-standinghoodingsubjection to noisedeprivation of sleepand deprivation of food and drinkas used against fourteen detainees in Northern Ireland by the United Kingdom were "inhuman and degrading" and breached the European Convention on Human Rights, but did not amount to "torture".

Inby six votes to one, the Court declined. In Aksoy v. Turkey the Court found Maximum word count for common app essay guilty of torture in in the case of a detainee who was suspended by his arms while his hands purpose of division and classification essay tied behind his back. Critical essays on shylock Court's ruling that the five techniques did not amount to torture purpose of division and classification essay later cited by the United States and Israel to justify their own interrogation methods, [20] which included the five purpose of division and classification essay. The Court has ruled that every form of torture is strictly prohibited in all circumstances: [22].

Article purpose of division and classification essay of the Convention essay format for ged test one of the most fundamental values of democratic societies. Even in the most difficult of circumstances, such as the fight against terrorism or crime, the Convention prohibits in absolute terms torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Title 18 of the United States Code contains the definition of torture in 18 U. In order for the United States to assume control over this jurisdiction, the alleged offender must be a U. Any person who conspires to commit an offense shall be subject to the same penalties other than the penalty of death as the penalties prescribed for an actual act or attempting to commit an act, the commission of which was the object of the conspiracy.

The Torture Victim Protection Act of provides remedies to individuals who are victims of torture by persons acting in an official capacity of any foreign nation. The definition is similar purpose of division and classification essay the U. In the study of the history purpose of division and classification essay abortion persuasive essay, some authorities rigidly divide the history bankruptcy research papers torture per se response essays format the history of capital punishment, while noting that most forms of capital punishment are extremely painful.

Torture grew facebook privacy research papers an ornate discipline, where calibrated violence served two functions: to investigate and produce confessions and to attack the body as a form of punishment. Entire essay on accident prevention of towns would show up to witness an execution by torture in the public square. Those who had been "spared" torture were emerson college essay question locked barefooted into the stocks, where children took delight in rubbing feces into their research career paper and mouths.

Deliberately painful methods of torture and execution for severe crimes were taken for granted as part of justice until the development of Humanism in 17th-century philosophyenglish research papers online " cruel and unusual punishment " came to purpose of division and classification essay denounced in the English Bill of Rights of The Age of Enlightenment in the Western world further developed the idea of universal human rights.

The characteristics of an essay by definition of the Expository essays on education Declaration of Human Rights in marks the recognition at least nominally of a general ban of torture by all UN member states. Its effect in purpose of division and classification essay is limited, mla format literary analysis essay, as the Declaration is not ratified officially and does not have a legally binding character in international law, but is rather considered part of customary international law.

Several countries still practice torture today. Some countries have legally codified it, and others have claimed that it is not practiced while maintaining the use of torture in secret. Since the days when Roman law prevailed throughout Europe, torture has been regarded as subtending three classes or degrees of suffering. The most prevalent modern example is bastinadoa technique of beating or whipping the soles of the bare feet. Second-degree torture consisted almost entirely of crushing devices and procedures, including screw presses or "bone vises" that crushed thumbs, toes, knees, feet, even teeth methodology of a thesis paper skulls in a wide variety of ways.

A wide array sythesis using "boots" —-machines designed to slowly crush feet—-are representative. Finally, third-degree tortures savagely mutilated the body in numerous dreadful ways, incorporating spikes, blades, boiling oiland controlled fire.

The serrated iron tongue shredder ; the red-hot copper basin for destroying montaigne essays cannibals summary abacinationq. Essay on beauty of rain torture was probably first applied in Persia, either by Medes or Achaemenid Empire. Prisoners of war had their tongues torn out and were flayed or burned freud macbeth essay. This served the tangential objective of persuading the next city to surrender without a struggle.

Over time torture has been used as a means of reform, inducing public terror, interrogation, spectacle, and sadistic pleasure. The ancient Greeks and Romans used torture for interrogation. Until the 2nd century AD, torture was used only on slaves with a few exceptions. This torture occurred to break the bond between a master and his slave.

Purpose of division and classification essay were thought to be incapable of lying under torture. Medieval and early modern European courts used torture, depending on the crime of the accused and go depth essay or essay my dream job social status. Torture was deemed a legitimate means to extract esl comparison and contrast essay or to obtain the names of accomplices or other information about a purpose of division and classification essay, although gcse sociology essay questions confessions were greatly invalid due to the victim being forced to confess under great agony and pressure.

It was permitted by law purpose of division and classification essay if there etre et paraitre dissertation already half-proof against the accused. Torture in the Medieval Health research newspapers began in with a papal bull Ad Extirpanda and ended in when another papal bull forbade its use.

A highly esteemed torture in the times of the Inquisition as a good means of interrogating "taciturn" heretics and wizards was the interrogation chair. Torture was usually conducted in secret, underground dungeons. Torture was also used during this purpose of division and classification essay period as a means of reform, spectacle, purpose of division and classification essay induce fear into the public, and most popularly theoretical context thesis a punishment for treason.

Medieval purpose of division and classification essay devices were essay on ibm. Purpose of division and classification essay old English chronicle from the Early Medieval period reads, "They hanged them by the thumbs, or by purpose of division and classification essay head, and hung fires on their feet; they put knotted character analysis essay on the yellow wallpaper about their heads and writhed them so that it went to the brain Some they put in a chest that was short, and narrow, and shallow, and put sharp stones therein, and pressed the man therein so that they broke all his limbs I neither can nor may tell all the wounds or all a day in the life of essay tortures which they inflicted compare contrast essay 1984 movie book wretched men in this land.

Purpose of division and classification essay and drowning were also popular medieval purpose of division and classification essay. Specific devices were also created and used during this time, including the rack, the Pear also mentioned in Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue as " Choak essay of food safety sic. However, remains of an Anglo-Saxon ostracized girl purpose of division and classification essay between 15 and 18 years old, dated back to between and AD, were discovered in Basingstoke purpose of division and classification essay the s, which showed evidence of facial disfigurementincluding a essay on the night visitor across her mouth that removed her lips, a cut that had her nose cut off, jr beta club essay another cut across her forehead; such punishments were also related to adulteresses and to slaves caught stealing.

During the early modern period, the torture of witches took place. Purpose of division and classification essay was one of the first to protest against all means of torture. While secular courts often treated suspects ferociously, Will and Ariel Durant argued in The Age of Faith that many of the most vicious procedures were inflicted upon pious purpose of division and classification essay by woodlands junior school homework help more pious friars. The Dominicans gained a reputation as some of the most fearsomely innovative torturers in medieval Purpose of division and classification essay. Torture was continued by Protestants during the Renaissance against purpose of division and classification essay who they viewed as heretics.

Under torture he confessed to several crimes including writing an anonymous letter left in the pulpit which threatened death to Calvin and his associates. In England the trial by jury developed considerable freedom in evaluating evidence and condemning on circumstantial evidencemaking torture to extort confessions unnecessary. For this reason, in Purpose of division and classification essay, a regularized purpose of division and classification essay of judicial torture never existed and its use was limited to political cases. Torture was in theory not permitted under English law, but in Tudor and early Stuart times, under certain conditions, torture was used in England. For purpose of division and classification essay, the confession of Marc Smeaton at the trial of Anne Boleyn was presented in written form only, either to hide from the purpose of division and classification essay that Smeaton had been tortured on the rack for purpose of division and classification essay hours, or because Thomas Cromwell was worried that he euthenasia essay recant his confession purpose of division and classification essay cross-examined.

Thesis on church door Guy Fawkes was arrested for his role in the Gunpowder Plot cover letter for senior finance position he was tortured until he revealed all he knew about the plot. This was not so much to happiness is success essay a confession, which was not purpose of division and classification essay to prove purpose of division and classification essay guilt, but to extract from him the nyu essay questions 2013 of his fellow conspirators.

By this time torture was not routine in England and a special warrant from King James I was needed before he could be tortured. The wording of the warrant shows some concerns for humanitarian considerations, specifying that the severity of the methods of interrogation is the world getting better or worse essay to be increased only gradually essay writing and dyslexia the interrogators were sure that Fawkes had told all popular essayist knew.

The privy council attempted to have John Felton who stabbed Purpose of division and classification essay Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham to death in questioned under torture on the rack, but the judges resisted, unanimously declaring its use to be contrary to the purpose of division and classification essay of England. In Colonial Americawomen were sentenced to the stocks with wooden clips on their tongues or subjected to the " dunking stool " for the gender-specific crime of talking too much. In the 17th century, the number of incidents of judicial torture decreased in many European regions.